Hollow fiber membranes are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment applications due to their excellent efficiency and adaptability. These membrane structures consist of microscopic fibers arranged in a configuration, providing a large surface area for separation processes. The capillary nature of hollow fibers allows for efficient removal of con

PVDF membrane bioreactors represent a promising technology for wastewater remediation. These units offer several strengths, including robust removal rates of chemical pollutants, less sludge formation, and improved water quality. Moreover, PVDF membranes are known for their durability, making them suitable for long-term operation. To evaluate the e